The year's attainments can be summed up under a number of heads. In the simplest sense, numbers tell the story of the year's acquisitions as some 4,600 coins were added to the collection. There were two outstanding donations - some 340 coins of Bactria and India bequeathed to the Society by its late President Harry W. Fowler, and 1,902 coins of the Roman world from the Kurt and Peter Loret collection donated by Peter Loret's daughters Charlene Schosser and Lisa Loret.

The extraordinary growth in the Roman department led to the appointment of a second Schwartz Fellow for the year. Kelly Swett, a graduate student at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, joined us for the summer, and was able to complete entry of the Loret coins in the Society's new database. In the fall Marilyn Higbee, of Columbia University, continued the data entry process as Schwartz Fellow. The Schwartz Fellowship, now in its tenth year, continues to provide needed assistance in difficult times. The additional funds available this year were drawn in part from surplus earnings of the fund, but mainly from a series of continuing donations which are always welcome and for which we are most grateful.

This year also featured the inauguration of the new Fellowship in Roman Studies, designed to facilitate access to the collection for those living at a distance. The prerequisites for the Fellowship are described elsewhere in this report. The first holder was Steven K. Ross, an alumnus of the 1992 Graduate Seminar, who was in New York for four weeks in the spring pursuing his work on the coinage of Gordian III and Abgar of Edessa. This work will be incorporated into his doctoral dissertation at the University of California, Berkeley.

During the early months of 1995 the Society's database for coins was converted from its old Prime computer to a new, PC-based network. On the Ides of March entry on the old system was ended, and the conversion took place thereafter. The Prime system had grown with the ANS's computerization and will always occupy a warm spot in the hearts of those who knew it. It is already clear, however, that the more modern system will do everything the old one did and more, and do it faster - though many features of the old system still have to be implemented. Preliminary reviews from users - particularly Ted Withington, who continues to volunteer in the Greek and Far Eastern departments - have been favorable and, after a pause demanded by a slow learning curve, data entry is now back on schedule. The departmental reports single out accessions of particular note, but this is an appropriate place to thank all our donors, who once again this year are responsible for about 99 percent of the collection's growth.
METCALF

Greek

In 1995, 377 coins were acquired by the Greek Department by purchase and through the generous gifts of Ben and Caroline Damsky Selim Dere, the estate of Harry W. Fowler, Nayef G. Goussous, David Hendin, Charles A. Hersh, Arthur A. Houghton III, Richard G. McAlee, Dr. and Mrs. James H. Schwartz in memory of Morton Smith, Dr. and Mrs. James H. Schwartz in memory of Frances Schwartz, William F. Spengler, and Dr. Arnold-C. Peter Weiss.

The most important donation is the 340 Bactrian coins which came to the ANS through the estate of Harry W. Fowler after his untimely death in May 1994. The outstanding significance of the ANS past president's collection has been emphasized before in this publication (Annual Report of the AN5 1991, p. 11, and 1993, pp. 12-14). Through the generosity of this remarkable collector the ANS now can pride itself on having the best and most comprehensive collection of Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek coins in the world in terms of rarity and quality. Only a few examples can be presented here. A gold stater of Diodotus I (fig. 1, O. Bopearachchi, Monnaies Gréco - Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques [Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris 1991], hereafter B., Diodote I-II, series 1, A) is the second known specimen (the other is at the BM) and perhaps best illustrates the transition from Seleucid to Bactrian coinage. The literary and numismatic sources clearly state that Diodotus, the governor in charge of the Seleucid satrapy of Babylonia, broke away from the empire and founded an independent kingdom, probably around 250 B.C. under Antiochus II (261-246 B.C.). The obverse of the stater, however, no longer bears the portrait of Antiochus but rather the diademed head of Diodotus, although the reverse, like that of the parallel series of silver tetradrachms, drachms, and hemidrachms (no bronze) still bears the name of Antiochus. The striding Zeus of the reverse, hurling the thunderbolt in his raised r. hand with the aegis on his outstretched l. arm, breaks away from the Seleucid tradition and inaugurates what became a popular Bactrian type.

An Attic standard tetradrachm of Zoilos I (130-120 B.C.) (fig. 2) is remarkable in more than one way (cf. O. Bopearachchi, "Graeco-Bactrian Issues of Later Indo-Greek Kings," NC 1990, pp. 79-104): it is the only one known and, until it came to light in 1984, only bilingual coins of Indian weight were known for this king. The purpose of these two currencies on different weight standards has been much debated. The most likely explanation is that of P. Bernard (Fouilles d'Ai Kanoum 4: Les Monnaies hor trésors. Questions d'histoire gréco-bactrienne, MDAFA 27 [Paris, 1985]) and O. Bopearachchi, already suggested in part by K. Jenkins (BMQ 1967/8, pp. 108-12, and JNSI 1968, pp. 23-27), that both coinages were issued by the same mints and rulers but for different uses. The Indo-Greek kings, though they no longer had any possessions north of the Hindu Kush where the Attic standard circulated continued issuing Graeco-Bactrian coins of that weight for their exchanges with the numerous tribes that traveled westward from northwestern China and southern Siberia. Another stunning example of these issues is represented by a tetradrachm of Lysias (120-110 B.C.) (B., Lysias, series 1, B. fig. 3), showing the king Hearing the elephant headdress, following the example of Alexander the Great and Demetrios of Bactria.

An unpublished variety of the issues of Indian standard tetradrachms of Agathocleia and her son Strato I (130-125 B.C.) with the monogram is now added (fig. 4) to the better known variety with the monogram (B., Agathocleia, 6). The obverse shows the Agate portraits of the two rulers with Strato in front. The reverse presents Athena Alkidemos, the main type of the coins of Menander, the queen's husband. The obverse legend reads attesting to the decreasing power of Agathocleia - who first had ruled alone after Menander's death - in favor of her son Strato. The kharosthi reverse legend does not mention her at all: Maharajasa tratarasa dhramikasa/Stratasa. A bilingual tetradrachm of Philoxenos (fig. 5, B., Philoxene, 7, A) with the diademed portrait of the king to 1., seen from the back, thrusting a spear with his upraised hand and the legend on the obverse and the king, diademed and wearing a crested helmet riding on horseback on the reverse with the kharosthi inscription Maharajasa apadihatasa/Philasinasa, represents another hitherto unknown series which belongs with the known drachms of the same types but with different monograms (B., Philoxene, 8 ).

Like most collectors, at least at their beginning stages, Harry Fowler was interested in everything Greek and he had amazingly good instincts. He purchased a tetradrachm (fig. 6) of Seleucus II with the diademed portrait on the obverse and a standing Apollo on the reverse but with an unrecorded symbol, an ivy leaf. It probably was issued at a mint in Asia Minor but it is uncertain where.

Ben Damsky, a Fellow of the ANS, has recently started to systematically improve our holdings of Roman provincial coins. The bronze coins still remain part of the Greek department not only in memory of the misnomer "Greek Imperials," but because their types and legends remain deeply rooted in the Greek tradition. Among them is a bronze of Elagabalus from Tarsus in Cilicia (fig. 7) with the bust of the emperor wearing the aegis and on the reverse a wreath on an altar to l. and to r. a wreath surmounted by seven heads and .

Among the most important purchases is a silver drachm from Laodicea ad Mare in Syria (fig. 8). While the tetradrachms of this city, as well as those of the Syrian Tetrapolis in general, are well known and numerous (O Morkholm, "The Autonomous Tetradrachms of Laodicea ad Mare," ANSMN 28 [1983], pp. 89-107) the unit is extremely rare. The only other published specimen to my knowledge is in F. Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies Grecques (1883), p. 439, 4. The obverse shows the head of Tyche, like the tetradrachms, but the reverse depicts the same goddess, standing to l., leaning on a rudder with her r. hand and holding a cornucopia in her left arm. The inscription reads and the coin dates to year 4, , of the recovered autonomy of the city under Tigranes in 82/81 B.C.

ARNOLD-BIUCCHI

The Kurt and Peter Loret collection was the Roman department's largest acquisition since the purchase of the Bastien collection in 1984. The collection was formed over many years, principally by Kurt Loret, whose collecting began in the 1940s. In later years his collecting interest was shared by his son Peter, whose daughters Charlene Schosser and Lisa Loret donated the collection after the deaths of their father and grandfather.

The Lorets' major interest was the Roman world, and their focus on aes coinages is a happy circumstance for the ANS. Apart from the Richard Hoe Lawrence and F. M. Endicott collections, both select but small, the Society has never been the beneficiary of a bronze collection formed by a Roman specialist. Even the massive donation of E. T. Newell consisted mainly of gold and silver coins. As a consequence the Loret collection adds a very large number of new varieties and in other cases improves upon the condition of previous holdings, especially in the rich aes coinage of the second and third centuries.

One interesting example is the S P Q R ADSERTORI LIBERTATIS issue of Vespasian, struck in 71 (fig. 9). This type is rather rare: only three reverse dies were known to Kraay ("The Bronze Coinage of Vespasian: Classification and Attribution," in Scripta Numaria Romana: Essays Presented to Humphrey Sutherland [London, 1978], pp. 47-57, at p. 54), and had been represented in the trays only by an example from the Hispanic Society of America collection (fig. 10). The Loret coin, with obverse head laureate l., shares its reverse die with that piece, which has the more usual head laureate r.

Another intriguing piece from the Loret collection is a sestertius of Commodus (fig. 11) struck in 186. Its state of preservation is not outstanding, and at first glance the types seem pedestrian. Its interest derives from the inclusion of the small letters P D beneath the imperial bust and reading outwardly. Mattingly (RIC 3, p. 422, n. to 483) says "P D refers to the PRIMI DECENNALES. The letters are usually, if not universally, present on the sestertius of this issue, but, on worn specimens, are easily lost." The reference to the Decennalia and its confinement to the issue with IMP VIII is unusual. More unequivocal notice of the occasion had been taken a year earlier and continued into 187 on the reverse of various issues. But until a convincing occasion for the conferment of the title IMP VIII is offered, a more satisfactory explanation remains elusive.

A final piece from the Loret donation, though not ancient, adds an unusually interesting forgery to the collection (fig. 12). It is purportedly an antoninianus of the usurper Julian I of Pannonia, and other figures whose coinages were faked by the forger include the deified Nigrinian, Domitius Alexander, Valerius Valens, and Martinian. The fact that none of these are household names renders forgeries of their coins the more dangerous for, as R. A. G. Carson pointed out, "the originals on which the counterfeits are based are, many of them, of such rarity that not many collectors and a surprisingly small proportion of public collections have any material at all on which to base a comparative judgement" ("The Geneva Forgeries," NC 18 [1958], pp. 47-58). Carson's model assemblage of the evidence suggests that the forger's dies were in existence even before World War I, but that the bulk of his products came into the market in the 1930s and 1940s. We do not know the circumstances under which Mr. Loret acquired his example, which is illustrated in Carson's article on pl. 5, 5.

The gift of Ben and Caroline Damsky was also important, though somewhat smaller. Mr. Damsky, a Fellow of the Society and formerly president of the San Francisco Ancient Numismatic Society, has been a collector of coins of the Roman world for many years and has published in the field. The Damsky selection was based on gaps in the ANS collection, and this initial donation spanned the period from Augustus through Severus Alexander. The donation included no less than four denarii of the Civil Wars of 68-69, of which one is illustrated (fig. 13), proclaiming on one face the loyalty of the armies and on the other the accord of the Praetorians. The universal appropriateness of the images, given the context, makes attribution to one or another of the rival factions difficult.

Two other pieces from the Damsky gift, which totalled 49 specimens, are of exceptional interest. The first is a denarius assigned somewhat hesitantly by Mattingly to A.D. 71/2 (fig. 14). It lacks the imperial portrait and recalls types of Augustus, with the legend IMP CAESAR accompanied by the emperor in quadriga on one face and on the other VESP - AVG flanking Victory on a prow. The preservation of this piece is outstanding. The second is a medallion of M. Aurelius struck in 178/9 (fig. 15). The elaborate scene on the reverse can be described more easily than it can be explained. Securitas stands feeding a snake from a patera and leaning on a table on top of which sit an urn, a garland, and a statuette of Salus around which the snake coils. A bird sits on the lower level of the table and tucked into the tree which overhangs the scene at the left is a stag's head. The piece is die identical with one in Berlin, the publication of which included a lengthy discussion of numerous parallels without a satisfactory accounting for the image (H. Dressel, Die römische Medaillone des Münzkabinetts der staatlichen Museen zu Berlin [Dublin and Zurich, 1972], 45, pl. 7.4; see pp. 89-97).

There were also other donations, discussion of which is precluded by considerations of space. Mark and Lottie Salton continued their series of gifts in memory of Felix Schlessinger, this year with 44 coins, and Robert L. Sacks gave two sesetertii, one of Galba (ADLOCVTIO) and one of Domitian. Other donors included Thomas B. Cederlind, Charles A. Hersh, Frank L. Kovacs, Richard G. McAlee, Thomas P. McKenna, Maximino Turiel Ibanez, Chantal and Jan Vagassky, and Dr. and Mrs. James H. Schwartz in memory of Frances M. Schwartz.
METCALF

An interesting dirham new to our collection was donated by Lutz Ilisch (fig. 16). Issued by the mint of al-Kufa in Iraq in 202 (817-18), it bears the letters Alif and mim above and below the reverse field, which probably stand for al- Mubarak Ibrahim and his brother Mansur. Even after the defeat and murder of al-Ma'mun's brother al-Amm in 198, the Baghdad army had never fully accepted al-Ma'mun's authority, and they were already in rebellion when news came that the caliph al-Ma'mun, who at that time ruled from Marw in Khurasan, had appointed a descendent of Ah b. Abl Talib as his successor. At this point al-Ma'mun's family in Baghdad joined the rebellious soldiery, refusing to accept the proposed transfer of the caliphate from the Abbasid line. Mansur, the son of al-Mahdl, was the leader of the resistance, but refused to accept nomination as caliph, so his brother Ibrahim was selected, taking the title al-Mubarak, on 1 al-Muharram 202 (20 July 817). Ibrahlm soon was able to take control of most of lower Iraq, including al-Kufa, but gradually his power was constricted by al-Ma'mun's forces until toward the end of 203 (13-14 June 819) he went into hiding. He was discovered in the city six years later, having survived by dressing as a woman when he went into the streets. Interestingly, he was pardoned for his rebellion and kept honorably as a companion of al-Ma'mun, whom he outlived. His coinage, like most of the coinage of Iraq in those troubled years, is very rare, and this issue of al-Kufa is the second known example.

Among the several important gifts of William F. Spengler were 62 coins from a hoard of tenth-century Central Asian copper fulus, mainly from mints such as Samarqand and Bukhara. The rarest of these were coins of the tenth-century Khwarizmshahs, which are virtually unknown (fig. 17, an issue of Ahmad b. Muhammad dated 357/968). Another 30 coins from this hoard were acquired in 1992, and portions of it are known to have been dispersed in trade. Full publication of the hoard would be an enormous contribution to our knowledge of the political and economic history of the region.

Donations by William B. Warden, Jr., included seventh-century Armenian imitations of the drahms of the Sasanian king Hormizd IV, with the pseudomint signature ZWZWN, which means merely "silver coin" (fig. 18), and eight Yemeni coins of the Ayyubids and Rasulids. Mr. Warden was also instrumental in obtaining other important gifts for the collection and for the Society, for which we are most grateful.

Dr. Henry Amin Awad of Cairo continued his donations this year with a gift of 172 Egyptian coppers to the Islamic department. Eighteen of these are Tulunid of the ninth century, and the other 154 from the Ottoman Turkish era. The latter group in particular includes many new varieties that remain to be properly studied. These are humble coins, but gifts like Dr. Awad's put together a critical mass that enables students of the series to begin to be able to catalogue the varieties with some hope of completeness.

Robert L. and Marie Saxe together made several gifts of Chinese coppers, from the most ancient round coins to the Republic of China, numbering 338 in all, and mostly m extraordinarily good condition. We also take pleasure in acknowledging gifts of interesting material from Robert C. Grossman and Wayne G. Sayles and some lead coins of Nimruz given by Gregory Cole.

Among the rare and interesting coins purchased in 1995 were three Umayyad dirhams of Marw, 81 (fig. 19), 83, and 110. This mint is unique among those that issued early reformed dirhams in putting the name of the city below the central obverse inscriptions in Pahlavi (middle Persian) in addition to the proper inscription of the name in Arabic in the margin. Also purchased were diners of Herat, [38]5 (fig. 20), our first diner of Sebuktigin, the founder of the Ghazoavid empire, and of Balkh, 467 (fig. 21), issued in the name of the local Seljuq ruler Takash Beg and his overlord Malikshah.

A number of donors contributed to the Society's holdings of contemporary African and Asian issues, among whom the star was Ed Hohertz of Ohio, who gave a total of 126 coins, including coins of sub-Saharan African states, of Djibouti, and, of particular interest, coins and paper money of the new republics that have emerged from the ex-USSR, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the central Asian countries. As these nations get organized, or re-organized, and establish contacts with the state and private mints of the West, we can expect a flood of unusual and exotic non-circulating coins. The materials donated by Hohertz and others, including the Bank of Korea, Emmet MacDonald, Arnoldo Efron, Wei-Chang Huang, and Mohammad S. Jazzar, are greatly appreciated because they are circulating coins and notes. ANS members who travel are invited to take part in the search for current legal tender coins, but we ask that the appropriate curator be contacted before sending any material to avoid duplication.

The department learned with profound sorrow of the death of Charles K. Panish on 1 October 1995. Panish was our faithful volunteer helper for the coins of South and Southeast Asia for years, appearing like clockwork early every Wednesday morning for two decades. Our rich collection of the coins of these regions was almost entirely identified, catalogued, boxed, labeled, and organized by Panish, who served in effect as curator of this area, and enriched it with his numerous gifts. His keen eye and reliable service have been much missed since he "retired" in 1989.
BATES

Among the most important additions to the medieval cabinet this year were four gold tremisses of Lombard Italy (figs. 22-25). These pieces are remarkable for their scyphate fabric and the variety of initials on their obverses, such as the coin of king Liutprand (712-44) (fig. 24) which has an N before the obverse portrait and an A worked into the decoration of the chest. These letters had been interpreted as mint marks, but Ermanno Arslan has recently put forth the theory that they represent the names of minters ("Un incontro inaspettato: i monetieri del re longobardo Liutprando," in H.-C. Noeske et al. eds., Die Münze: Bild-Botschaft-Bedeutung; Festschrift für Maria R.-Alföldi [Frankfurt/Main, 1991], pp. 1-19). The cup-shaped, scyphate fabric was typical of northern Italian minting centuries before it became a feature of the Byzantine coinage.

Another early medieval accession this year is a coin of the kingdom of Northumbria in England, whose issues are distinctive from those of the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to the south (fig. 26). This piece, our first in the name of king Alhred (765-74), is unusual in having an image of a quadruped animal as its reverse type.

Among the denarius issues of the Carolingian empire, that of Louis the Pious with the reverse "Christiana Religio," minted from 822 to 840, is unique in not identifying the mint on the reverse. While this may have been beneficial in integrating the coinages of widespread mints of this large empire, it has presensed great difficulties to modern numismatists, who have been able to attribute only a few specimens of the type to specific mints. As coins of the mint of Milan of the previous issue are characterized by the splayed ends of the obverse cross and the placement of pellets within the legend, our newly purchased specimen of the anonymous series with these features (fig. 27) may reasonably be assigned to that mint as well (See Grierson and Blackburn, Medieval European Coinage, vol. 1, 791).

Our collection is exceptionally rich in the large, beautifully engraved bracteates of twelfth-century Saxony, but less strong on the contemporary bracteate coinage of southern Germany and Switzerland. A gift this year from Hermann Vögel of Amstetten, Germany (fig. 28), adds to our holdings of this series with a bracteate of the emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen attributed to the mint of Ulm. The coin joins a depiction of the emperor with the eagle, symbol of the medieval as well as the ancient Roman empire.

Two other gifts this year illustrate interesting features of the coinage of late medieval Venice. A coin donated by John Aiello is a mule (fig. 29). The obverse, bearing the name of doge Andrea Contarini (1368-82), is from a die for the billon tornesello denomination, while the reverse is struck with a die intended for the silver soldino. A grosso given by Philip DeVicci (fig. 30) has a particularly well-struck image of doge Antonio Venier (1382-1400), the first true portrait on medieval coinage.
STAHL

Modern and Western Hemisphere

I first met R. Henry Norweb, Jr., in March 1990 shortly after I had joined the staff. At that time there was no upstairs coin room - what there was had been ripped out and the area was being thoroughly renovated. Henry Norweb called up and said that he was on his way to Brazil and would like to look through our Brazilian collection and would it be possible to accommodate him? Of course it was. He stepped through the mess of plaster and wires with is natural aristocratic touch, and we went into the vault. We quickly looked rough the trays of Brazilian coins, and then looked through our one tray of Paraguayan coins. He then told me that he had "half of all the gold coins of Paraguay (pause) but there are only two gold coins of Paraguay." He had a 4 reales of 1867, but did not yet have the 4 reales of 1855. A year later he gleefully told me that he had completed his Paraguayan gold set, "Spink's found the others," and he handed me three coin envelopes. l said, "I thought there were only two gold coins of Paraguay?" "Yes, I was wrong," Norweb said, "Spink's found a third." This was the striking in gold of the 4 reales of 1873. With particular pride he added, "Father and mother never got a chance to get this coin, but I was in the right place at the right time." Collecting can be quite competitive and, when you are competing with your parents and your parents happen to be R. Henry Norweb, Sr., and Emery May Holden Norweb, it can be difficult to score points.

All gold coins of Paraguay (excepting the modern commemoratives, and some of those are rare too) are rare. The most common appears to be the 1867 piece, of which at least five are known to me. The catalogue of coins of Paraguay published by Miguel Angel Pratt Mayans in 1985 did include the 1873 piece in gold, but did not have a photograph of it; the photograph used l was the same as that for the silver piece, as one can see by the pattern of toning on the obverse. The 1873 piece evaded those indefatigable collectors, the elder Norwebs, for their entire lifetimes, and evaded their assiduous son for scores of years. There was also no gold specimen in the Howard Herz collection, although the Herz collection did have a silver striking from the same dies. Thanks to a generous gift from Harry Bass, the ANS was able to purchase the Herz collection in 1990, which gave us the best Paraguayan collection outside of South America. We were missing only one major pattern, the 5 pesos of 1873. There is one other gold pattern of Paraguay, the CHARLES pattern of 1867, but it is quite mysterious. Only one piece was known to Pena, in the Lopez collection, and even Pena, because of time constraints, was unable to obtain a photograph. It is "reported, but not confirmed." This gap has now been filled by Henry Norweb's handsome donation (fig. 31), which he gave us on the night of his testimonial dinner.

Cecil W. Webster, a long time specialist in Costa Rican coinage, would have liked to attend the Norweb dinner, but instead donated a coin in honor of Norweb's retirement as President of the Society. This coin is also gold, an escudo of 1842, with the denomination expressed as .1-E. (fig. 32; KM Costa Rica 33.1; Friedberg Costa Rica.6). The coin was purchased out of the Norweb collection at a public auction.

John Farquharson has given us a number of uncirculated coin sets of the United Kingdom, thereby bringing our collection up to date. He also gave us two seventeenth century tradesmen's tokens, of which this token (fig. 33) issued by Margaret Reynolds of Chichester in Sussex (Boyne-Williamson Suss.59) is particularly interesting because it is one of the few tokens issued by a woman.

J. Roy Pennell, Jr., donated proofs which come from the archives of the American Bank Note Company which Christie's auctioned in November 1990. This includes some extremely attractive designs for a Czechoslovak 1000 korun note (fig. 34; Pick.Czechoslovakia.13).

Significant purchases this year include a carolin issued by Landgrave Ernest Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt of 1733 (fig. 35). This denomination was not previously represented in the collection, although it is mentioned by both Schilke and Solomon and by Mossman as one of the foreign coins which circulated in colonial North America. The role of the carolin is discussed in Oscar G. Schilke and Raphael E. Solomon, America's Foreign Coins (New York, 1964), pp. 14-15; Raphael E. Solomon, "Foreign Specie Coins in the American Colonies" in Eric P. Newman and Richard G. Doty, eds., Studies on Money in Early America (New York, 1976), pp. 38-39; and in Philip L. Mossman, Money of the American Colonies and Confederation. A Numismatic, Economic and Historical Correlation (New York, 1993), pp. 157-58. Carolins were also used by the Hessian professional soldiers hired by Britain to suppress the uprising in North America. Among the effects of the Hessian officer Johann Ernst Lange, who died at sea on the way to New York on 9 September 1776, there were 23 caroling. This is discussed by Niklot Klüssendorf, "Des Feldgepäck eines hessischen Offiziers aus dem amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg " in Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte, vol.30 (1980). We purchased this particular issue because of the involvement of the eminent Court Jew, Joseph Süss Oppenheimer, in its issuance. Oppenheimer's involvement was thoroughly discussed by Jürgen Rainer Wolf in his article, "Josef Süss Oppenheimer ("Jud Süss") und die Darmstadter Goldmunze. Ein Beitrag zur hessen-darmstädtischen Finanzpolitik unter Landgraf Ernst Ludwig," in Neunhunder Jahre Geschichte der Juden in Hessen. Beiträge zum politischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Leben (Wiesbaden, 1983) as part of the series Schriften der Kommission für die Geschichte der Juden in Hessen, vol. 6.

Another purchase included foreign coins which probably circulated in the North American colonies - counterfeit farthings. Counterfeit copper of this period can be very difficult to catalogue. Normally one can distinguish a counterfeit by comparing it with a coin known to be genuine, but counterfeits proliferated so much in the late eighteenth century that it is difficult to be certain that the coins normally catalogued as genuine really are genuine. These coins were purchased from Coin Galleries sale of February 15, 1995, lot 24. We examined the coins before bidding, and noticed that the envelopes from the consigner said that all the farthings were counterfeit, but the cataloguer deemed two of the coins in the lot to be genuine (figs. 36 and 37). When the coins arrived, we examined them again and discovered to our relief that they were all counterfeit. When examined closely, it becomes understandable why the cataloguer thought they might be genuine: the 1773 farthing looks good, until one examines George III's double chin closely; the 1775 farthing looks very good, but weighs only 3.076 grams (a good farthing should weigh 4.93 grams).

Jay M. Galst presented to the Modern department a series of mint sets of Canadian coins from 1963 through 1993. It included a commemorative dollar of 1989, depicting the Mackenzie River (fig. 38).

Other donors to the United States, Latin American, and Modern departments included Professor Jere S. Bacharach, Catherine E. Bullowa-Moore, Professor Theodore V. Buttrey, Jr., George S. Cuhaj, H. Edmund Hohertz, John M. Kleeberg, Emmett McDonald, Pauline Meyer, Cécile Morrisson, Julius Reiver, Mr. and Mrs. Yevgeny Shub, Carlene Stober, and Dr. Elena Stolyarik.
KLEEBERG

Medals

This year, Dr. Stephen K. Scher has made a significant addition to our medals collection with the gift of a cast bronze medal of the French king Francis I dated 1504 (fig. 39). This piece has traditionally been associated with the Italian medalist Giovanni Candida (Hill, Corpus, 848) but recent research has attributed it and a companion medal depicting the king's mother and sister to French artists, which would make it one of the earliest of French medals (See Louis Waldman in Stephen K. Scher, ea., The Currency of Fame; Portrait Medals of the Renaissance (New York, 1994),pp.307-8, 138).

A gift of 37 medals from Dr. Richard Peterhansel of Plauen, Germany, contains many examples of Soviet medallic art. This year's recipient of the J. Sanford Saltus Award was Alex Shagin, who began his career in the Leningrad Mint. His evocative medal entitled "The Amasis Painter" (fig. 40) illustrates how far he has come from the official art of the Soviet Union. The New York Numismatic Club has donated examples in silver and bronze of the portrait medal by Eugene Daub of their late president Michael Druck, who died in office this summer.

Other donors to the Medals and Decorations Collection this year include Giulio Bernardi, Zane P. Bond, Catherine E. Bullowa-Moore, Marie-Louise Dupont, Georg H. Forster, Gabor Gati, Richard Giedroyc, Edward Janis, Suchada Kanechorn, Marianne Leporsky, Marianne Letterie, Scott H. Miller, Dr. Cécile Morrisson, Joseph Veach Noble, Gianni Paoletti, Dr. and Mrs. J. H. Schwartz, Dr. Ralph R. Sonnenschein, William F. Spengler, Brookgreen Gardens, The Gateway Coin Club, and the Hungarian National Gallery.
STAHL

Exhibits and Loans

Exhibits on the theme of the Coinage of the Americas Conference, held annually at the ANS since 1984, were on display at the Society from October 1994 through January 1995. A survey of "The Token in America" was arranged by Dr. John M. Kleeberg. In addition, an exhibition of the "Virginia Culver Collection of Civil War Tokens" was mounted by ANA Curator Robert Hoge. Dan Freidus put on a display of Higley coppers, showing items from his collection and that of Robert Rhue. Steve Tannenbaum mounted an extensive exhibit of countermarked large cents and transportation tokens. Rare items from the Groves collection including the unique "The Wheele Goes Round" Higley were also displayed.

A special exhibit was organized in conjunction with the Annual Meeting. All of the curatorial departments were represented and the curators introduced their new acquisitions.

In February 1995 two medal exhibits were mounted by Dr. Alan M. Stahl. One concerned the medallic art of Victor D. Brenner and the other the work of the Saltus winner Alex Shagin. In the course of his research, Stahl indentified two hitherto unknown designs by Brenner for United States coinage. Both Brenner and Shagin are from Eastern Europe and have made a noticeable mark on the medallic art of the United States.

The second annual "Day of the Etruscans" was held at the ANS on February 25,1995. Dr. Carmen Arnold-Biucchi chose Etruscan coins to exhibit from the ANS collection.

Objects from the Society's collection appeared in exhibits elsewhere. Forty coins, including a unique silver half-ducatone of Mantua of Duke Ferdinand Gonzaga (1613), were lent to the exhibit in Mantua at the Palazzo Te from September through December 1995. The ANS also participated in the major exhibition "Greek Gold: Jewelry of the Classical World" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Four outstanding pieces-staters of Pheneus and Panticapaeum, a tetradrachm of Amphipolis, and a decadrachm of Syracuse were on display from December 1994 to March 1995. At the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome a silver tetradrachm of Demetrios Poliorcetes from Corinth was part of "Lisippo, I'Arte e la Fortuna" and remained on view between April and September 1995. Twenty select Greek and Roman pieces were displayed by the Tampa Museum of Art in an exhibit entitled "The Classical Past." Two slave tags are part of "Before Freedom Came: African American Life in the Antebellum South" at the Smithsonian Institution. In addition the Society lent a Charleston slave badge from 1846 to the gallery of Merseyside (Liverpool) as part of an exhibit "Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity." Twenty-one objects from the ANS collection also traveled as part of the "International Cultural Exchange through Museum Exhibitions" and were included in the exhibit "African Zion: The Sacred Art of Ethiopia." Five important Indian Peace Medals were lent to the Hudson River Museum of Westchester for inclusion in the exhibit "Indian Trade Silver." The Thomas Jefferson Indian Peace Medal and a commemorative medal of Jefferson are part of the exhibition at the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation in Monticello. The exhibit "Witnesses to Revolution," which was on view from January 1995 to January 1996 at the Museum of American Revolution in Yorktown Victory Center, included another Indian Peace Medal of the ANS. Numerous pieces are out on loan for permanent exhibits. One Roman and three Greek coins from the Society's collection are part of the exhibition "Mollusks and Mankind" at the American Museum of Natural History. Astor and Chouteau Indian Peace Medals are part of the permanent exhibit at the Visitor Center of the National Park Service (Fort Union Trading Post)
STOLYARIK